CONCLUSION

Overall, treatment of an ST with BMAC-PRP was associated with a decrease in individual tendon CSA over time, and a return of the affected tendon CSA to that of the contralateral limb, where an unaffected contralateral tendon was available for evaluation. An evaluation of fiber pattern and echogenicity revealed an improvement in most cases. Resolution of architectural changes was rarely achieved, however, the follow-up period was short, and resolution of sonographic abnormalities may not be a realistic goal in a setting of chronic tendinopathy. Additional, prospective, controlled, studies are required to evaluate the clinical and functional benefits of BMAC-PRP, however, it appears to be a potentially viable treatment alternative for ADPC-PRP in dogs with an ST.

CONCLUSION:

Our reported preoperative TPA in a large sample of dogs is higher than what has been previously published. In reviewing 3,922 stifles, the average preoperative TPA was 29°. We report the average preoperative TPA in specific breeds and report that neutered dogs have a significantly higher TPA than intact dogs. This updated information may guide clinicians in management decisions regarding treatment for CrCL rupture.

CONCLUSION: Diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound was used to identify lesions of Achilles tendon consistent with different grade of strain, as well as identifying the specific region of injury. Diagnostic ultrasound findings were correlated to the surgical findings and previous literature.

CONCLUSION 

The WDP provided the highest combined sensitivity and specificity at cut-off point 2 below the normal value for the detection of both OL and OD.

CONCLUSION:

Analysis of results of this study suggest that prior treatment with GlAm-CS for 21 days had a protective effect against chemically induced synovitis and associated bone remodeling. Prior treatment with GlAm-CS also reduced lameness in dogs with induced synovitis.

RESULTS: The mean T/P TPI% for Border Collies at a walk and at a trot were significantly lower than for Labrador Retrievers (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0003). Border Collies had a significantly lower ST% than Labrador Retrievers for the thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs at a walk (p = 0.0058 and 0.0003) and the trot (p = 0.0280 and 0.0448). There was no relationship between ST% and TSrL in Border Collies and an inverse correlation between ST% and TSrL in Labrador Retrievers (p = 0.0002).

CONCLUSION 

Dogs receiving Fortetropin® had a similar increase in stance force on the affected limb, no

significant increase in serum myostatin levels, and no significant reduction in thigh circumference at the end of the period of forced exercise restriction compared to the placebo.

These findings support the feeding of Fortetropin® to prevent disuse muscle atrophy in

canine patients undergoing a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

CONCLUSION:

 Adhesive capsulitis is an uncommon cause of chronic forelimb lameness. Further investigation is needed to describe the etiology and pathogenesis of adhesive capsulitis in dogs to evaluate the effectiveness of both non-surgical and surgical treatment modalities, establish treatment protocols, and evaluate short- and long-term clinical outcome of patients. 

RESULTS:  All grades of MSI were represented. Implants were placed successfully in all dogs. Complications (4 major and 2 minor) were recorded for 6 of 39 (15%) dogs; all were treated successfully. Function at the time of last follow-up (6 to 68 months) was deemed full in 30 of 39 (77%) dogs and acceptable in 9 (23%). 

CONCLUSION 

The use of BMAC–PRP and ADPC–PRP shows promise for the treatment of early partial CCL tears in dogs. Further studies are needed and should be randomized, blinded, and controlled. 

CONCLUSION:

External prosthetics may help improve quality of life and should be considered as an alternative to euthanasia where full amputation or alternative methods of limb spare are not an option. 

RESULTS:   Platelet concentration was significantly increased for System 1 (p=0.0088) and System 3 (p<0.0001), and was significantly decreased for System 2 (p<0.0001). All five systems significantly decreased the red blood cell concentration (p<0.0001 for each system comparison). Neutrophil concentration was significantly decreased for System 2, System 3, and System 4 (p<0.0001 for each system comparison). Neutrophil concentration was significantly increased for System 5 (p=0.0089). 

CONCLUSION 

 These findings suggest that ADPC-PRP therapy should be considered for dogs with ST. 

CONCLUSION:

These findings suggest concurrent shoulder and/or elbow pathology is not uncommon in dogs with ST. Further, ST often fails to respond to NSAID therapy and rehabilitation therapy. 

RESULTS:  20 of 31 (65%) dogs returned to agility competition after TPLO, 16 (80%) of which returned within 9 months after TPLO. The mean convalescent period for returning dogs was 7.5 months (range, 3 to 12 months). No dog that returned to competition sustained an injury to the affected limb during

the follow-up period. No significant difference was identified between dogs that returned or did not return to agility competition regarding severity of osteoarthritis or proportions with meniscal injury or partial (vs complete) CrCL tears.

​

RESULTS: Twenty-four dogs were included in this study. All dogs in this study were free of radiographic evidence of medial coronoid pathology. All dogs were diagnosed with a single, large, displaced or non-displaced fracture of the medial coronoid process, with no other joint pathology. Dogs generally had an excellent short-term outcome following arthroscopic treatment.

CONCLUSION:

Custom canine stifle orthotics allow for improved weight bearing in the affected limb.

CONCLUSION  

Diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound was used to identify lesions of the iliopsoas tendon consistent with acute and chronic injury, as well as identifying the region of pathology. The majority of agility performance dogs had low grade acute strains based on the tiered system, with mixed acute and chronic lesions being noted frequently. ​

SUMMARY: Thoracic limb lameness caused by elbow pathology occurs commonly in dogs. The etiopathogenesis and surgical management for elbow disorders are well documented; however, recommendations and protocols for rehabilitation therapy after surgical intervention are not well described.

​

Rehabilitation after elbow injury or elbow surgery follows a sequential and progressive multiphased approach with the ultimate goal being to return the dog to its previous functional level as quickly and safely as possible. Several key principles must be addressed when rehabilitating the elbow: (1) the effects of immobilization must be minimized, (2) healing tissue must not be overstressed (3) the dog must fulfill certain criteria throughout the phases of rehabilitation, (4) the program must be based on current scientific and clinical research, (5) the

process must be adaptable to each dog and their specific goals, and (6) the rehabilitation program must be a team effort between the surgeon, rehabilitation therapists, owner, and dog. Communication between each team member is essential to successful outcomes.

SUMMARY:

This chapter focuses primarily on the most common shoulder conditions in sporting, working, and companion dogs (supraspinatus tendinopathy, medial shoulder syndrome, biceps tendinopathy, and osteochondrosis dissecans).

CONCLUSION  

Rehabilitation assessment of orthopedic conditions of forelimb involves capturing subjective data including history of present condition, client's goals for their animal, thorough medical history, and objective data including posture, gait, functional activities, strength, palpation, passive range of motion (PROM), muscle flexibility, joint play, and special tests.

SUMMARY  

A 2.5 year old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was referred to the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for evaluation of dysphagia and weight loss of 4 weeks duration. The owner described that the cat had become a sloppy eater during the preceding 2 months. According to the owner, the cat would allow pieces of food to fall from its mouth and was having difficulty chewing and swallowing. The cat was allowed indoors and outdoors.

SUMMARY:

A latissimus dorsi muscle flap was used to reconstruct a proximal scapular defect in a cat after excision of a fibrosarcoma that had recurred after eight surgeries, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. 

SUMMARY  

A number of animal models have been used to explore the various potential applications of regenerative medicine procedures. One of the most seemingly applicable and robust models is that of dog. 

SUMMARY

Bats in captivity reproduce well and contraceptive techniques are needed. In initial attempts at vasectomy using a prescrotal approach, it was difficult to identify the mesoductus deferens. The technique described here uses a scrotal approach with exteriorization of the testis, followed by identification and ligation of the mesoductus deferens. Nine Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) underwent vasectomy for this study. No postoperative complications were seen (n = 18 testes), but some of the testes (5/18, 27%), which previously moved freely from the scrotum to the abdominal cavity, were still adhered to the scrotal sac 14 mo postoperatively. This technique appears safe, is fast, and is relatively easy to perform.

SUMMARY

Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury is a leading cause of lameness in dogs. Recent advances in diagnostic visualization and surgical treatments for CCL injury have stimulated an increased emphasis on early clinical recognition and an early return to function. 

SUMMARY  

Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) insufficiency is the most common cause of hind limb lameness in dogs. In 2003 alone, dog owners in the U.S. spent $1.32 billion for the treatment of CCL injuries in their pets. As an important stabilizer of the stifle joint, the CCL’s three main functions are to prevent hyperextension of the stifle, internal rotation of the tibia, and most importantly to prevent tibial thrust in relation to the femur.

SUMMARY

External skeletal fixation (ESF) is a versatile method of fracture repair that can provide both primary and ancillary support.1 ESF consists of multiple percutaneous transcortical pins placed proximal and distal to the fracture, osteotomy, or joint, which are incorporated in a surrounding external frame.

SUMMARY

From padded blankets to memory foam, what your pet sleeps on can dramatically improve or impede their joint health. What truly makes a pet bed orthopedic? To first understand this question, let’s review why your pet can benefit from an orthopedic bed.

SUMMARY

In this article, we will focus on the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic elbow dysplasia. Chronic elbow dysplasia is defined as progressive degenerative joint disease as a result of one or more of the contributing disease processes. This may occur with the primary disease(s) untreated or treated with incomplete healing (incomplete or absence of fibrocartilage formation) or with further fragmentation of the articular cartilage or after secondary degenerative changes were already established at the time of treatment

SUMMARY

Kartagener’s syndrome (KS) is a rare, congenital condition characterized by situs inversus, rhinosinusitis, and bronchiectasis. An underlying ciliary dysfunction (e.g., immotility or dyskinetic beating) produces most of the clinical signs seen in affected animals. This case report reviews the history, clinical signs, and diagnosis of KS in a male, long-haired dachshund. This is the first known report of KS, and thus primary ciliary dyskinesia, in this breed of dog.

SUMMARY

Laser therapy, or photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) as it is becoming increasingly known, has been used in the treatment of sports injuries in humans for decades (Ohshiro et al., 1986). Its value and importance in conditioning and exercise have also been prominent in human literature for the last ten years.

SUMMARY

Make sure you train your dog to build up his muscle strength, endurance, and ligament strength before asking him to compete. You also should condition your dog to be symmetrical, training him to turn one way as strongly and as frequently as the other.

CONCLUSION

Fourteen dogs had bilateral elbow osteoarthritis, three dogs had left elbow osteoarthritis, and three dogs had right elbow osteoarthritis. Mean elbow flexion at Day 0 and 90 were 50.3° and 43.9°, respectively, in the PRP treatment group, and 48.4° and 46°, respectively, in the control group. Mean TPI% at a walk at Day 0 and 90 were 28.8% and 29.6%, respectively, in the PRP treatment group, and 28.6% and 29.4%, respectively, in the control group. Statistical analysis results are pending.

SUMMARY

“Jump down syndrome” or traumatic fragmented medial coronoid process is a condition in the elbow joint of dogs that appears to occur commonly in performance dogs. Unlike the classic condition of fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP) affecting the elbow joints of skeletally immature large to giant breed dogs, jump down syndrome (JDS) appears to have no age or size limitations.

SUMMARY

Pain is an unpleasant sensation occurring in varying degrees of severity as a consequence of injury, disease, or emotional disorder. Inflammation is defined as a localized, protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection characterized by pain, redness, swelling...

SUMMARY

Shoulder conditions are common causes of forelimb lameness in dogs, particularly performance dogs. The authors have found subscapularis tendinopathy, supraspinatus tendinopathy, biceps tendinopathy, and infraspinatus myopathy to be the most frequently diagnosed conditions, respectively. The etiologies of these conditions are not fully understood but appear to be related to repetitive strain injuries. Rest and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are typically prescribed at initial presentation but are largely ineffective, resulting in continued or recurring lameness. 

SUMMARY

Stem cells of various origins, particularly endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), have potential to enhance bone repair and regeneration. EPCs are resident in the bone marrow and home to ischemic sites to initiate vasculogenesis. Although it was previously believed that only local endothelial cells arrive at ischemic sites, new evidence suggests that EPCs are recruited from the periphery. This finding has a considerable array of therapeutic implications.

SUMMARY

Technological advances continue to make treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine more effective and efficient, and laser therapy is no exception.

SUMMARY

The objective as stated in the manuscript was to describe the traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process in dogs as a clinically distinct disease unrelated to congenital elbow dysplasia. It was neither the objective nor the goal of this retrospective study to describe any outcome measures or prognosis. Respectively, we do disagree that having longer follow-up would have provided any additional information in this particular study. 

SUMMARY

The objective of this project is to test these hypotheses using data from two separate studies, one in dogs and one in humans. The canine study was initiated to evaluate whether intravenous injections of hyaluronic acid in dogs with acute and chronic cranial cruciate ligament rupture are beneficial. It is well known that dogs that rupture the cranial cruciate ligament are predisposed to developing OA (pondnuki model) [1]. The human study was initiated to determine whether glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate was effective in improving rheological and clinical symptoms in subjects with severe OA.

SUMMARY

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cellular composition of the final plasma product using the Stryker RegenKit system in dogs. A peripheral blood sample was obtained from ten healthy adult dogs and compared to the final plasma product.

SUMMARY

The shoulder joint is the most mobile of all main limb joints. While its primary motion is in a sagittal plane, the shoulder has a significant amount of abduction and adduction, and internal and external rotation. Its stability is ensured by the joint capsule, by its specialized bands (medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments), and by large tendons located inside (eg, tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle) or immediately outside the joint (eg, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis). 

SUMMARY

The yellow-headed snapping turtle, Elseya irwini, is an Australian freshwater species that is very rare in captivity. A routine radiographic examination of a captive female showed a moderate loss of bone across the left glenohumeral joint. No clinical signs had been observed. Results of computed tomography showed pathologic changes in both the proximal humerus and glenoid; no other joints were affected. 

SUMMARY

These modalities are discussed in detail covering mechanism of action, parameters, settings, and indications/contraindications of use in our small animals. Although these modalities are important in the physical rehabilitation of small animals, they need to be incorporated with a proper diagnosis, manual therapy, and home exercise program into a specific and individualized patient treatment protocol.

SUMMARY

To describe the technique for, and long‐term clinical outcome of, a modified hip toggle stabilization using the TightRope® system for coxofemoral luxation repair.

SUMMARY

To determine the influence of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on radiographic healing and limb function after uncomplicated, stable osteotomies in dogs.

SUMMARY

To evaluate outcomes in 36 dogs with a partial cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) tear treated with autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) or adipose-derived progenitor cells (ADPC) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combination.

CONCLUSION

A significant decrease in wound area was seen in the TCC group, but not the vehicle group, when compared with the control group on days 3 to 5, 6 to 9, and 11 to 13 and when TCC was compared with TCC vehicle on days 3 and 9. On day 13, initial wound area had decreased by 64.5% in the TCC group, 45.6% in the vehicle group, and 28.2% in the control group. On days 6, 10, and 13, TCC‐treated wounds contained significantly lower concentrations of TNF‐α and MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 than control wounds.

SUMMARY

A prospective study was performed from January 2019 to April 2019. 11 adult, healthy cats were used to prospectively analyze a commercially available PRP system1. A whole blood sample and a PRP sample that was processed immediately following blood draw according to the manufacturer's protocol were collected from each cat. The mean whole blood and PRP product platelet, RBC, WBC, neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte concentrations were determined. The mean PRP product values were compared to the mean whole blood baseline values using a paired t-test with significance established at p = 0.05.

CONCLUSION

We evaluated mid- to long-term outcomes with respect to function and complications in dogs undergoing canine unicompartmental elbow (CUE) arthroplasty for treatment of medial compartment disease of the elbow.